Mechatronics1
State mechatronics system components
- System design - design is an important part of mechatronic engineering.
- Actuators - act on the environment.
- Sensors - sense some aspect of the environment.
- Electronics - provide interfaces to sensors and actuators.
- Computing - processing of information.
- Control - provide actuator commands in response to a particular system state.
What is the differences between open-loop control system and closed - loop control system ?
- open-loop control system:
- The output has no effect on the input.
- closed - loop control system:
- The output affects the input. The actual position and velocity of each axis are measured and compared with the desired values. The difference is the error, the strategy is designed to eliminate this error.
What is the advantages of using microcontrollers in mechatronics applications? State applications of microcontrollers
- Microcontrollers are inexpensive computers.
- The microcontroller's ability to store and run unique programs makes it extremely versatile.
- The microcontroller's ability to perform math and logic functions.
- Field Programmability, Flexibility.
- Small Controllers.
- Easy to use.
applications of microcontrollers.
- Controllers of display.
- Modems.
- Printers.
- Keyboard.
- Home applications (Refrigerators, Washing machines, Microwaves).
- Automobile engine.
- Machines in factories.
- Space applications.
- medical applications.
- Entertainment applications.
Explain sensors classifications, give examples of each one.
- Proprioceptive sensors:
- Measure the values internally the system (robot)
- e.g. load cell, encoders, battery status.
- Exteroceptive sensors:
- Collect information from the robotsenvironment.
- e.g. tactile sensors, GPS, ultrasonic.
- Passive sensors:
- Measure energy coming from the environment
- e.g. compass, gyroscope, camera, microphone.
- Active sensors:
- - Emit their proper energy and measure the reaction
- - e.g. Laser range finder, radar, IR.
How to avoid the interference phenomenon of ultrasonic sensor modules (Crosstalk)? State applications of ultrasonic .
- Change the type with different frequency
- Works sequential (time shift) as it takes only milliseconds.
- Apply special codes using filters (built in sensor).
- Estimate ultrasonic fixing point to avoid interference (crosstalk) using Trigonometry
applications of ultrasonic .
- Anti-collision detection.
- People Detection.
- Presence detection.
- Box Sorting.
- Pallet detection with forklifts.
- Liquid level control.
- Robotic sensing.
- Bottle Counting on Drink Filling Machines.
State main types of actuators.
- Hydraulic actuators
- Pneumatic actuators
- Thermal actuators
- Mechanical actuators
- Electric actuators
Convert a motor power of 11190 watts to horse power (HP).
Convert a motor speed of 62.832 rad/sec to revolution per minute (rpm).
Calculate the diameter of pulley which influenced by a force F=20N to give a torque T=5Nm.
Calculate the torque of motor with power P = 450 watt and speed w = 50 rad/sec.
Calculate the motor efficiency with mechanical power (P mechanical = 900 watt) and electrical power (P electrical =1100 watt)
What will happen if the rated current for a motor exceeded than normal.
- Should not be exceeded for any prolonged time.
- There is a risk of overheating and burning out the motor windings.
- The rated current may be exceeded temporarily during transient events (EX. starting the motor).
What will happen if the rated speed for a motor exceeded than normal.
- They should generally not be exceeded, however some motors are designed to run slightly faster than rated speed when they are lightly loaded.
- There is a risk of mechanical failure due to centrifugal force on the rotating components.